Cylindrical Compression Springs

Cylindrical compression springs are open-coil helical springs with a uniform diameter designed to resist compressive forces, store energy when compressed, and return to their original length when the load is removed. They are the most common spring configuration, widely used in numerous applications due to their predictable linear force characteristics and high reliability.
Design and Function
Cylindrical compression springs function based on the principles of compression, elasticity, and Hooke's Law, which states that the spring's compression is proportional to the force applied to it.
Energy Storage: When a load is applied along the spring's axis, the coils compress, storing potential energy.
Force Exertion: Once the load is removed, this stored energy is released, and the spring pushes back against the force to regain its original shape and length.
Uniformity: The constant diameter and pitch (spacing between coils) along the entire length ensure a uniform load distribution and a predictable, constant spring rate (stiffness), which is a key characteristic of this type of spring.
End Types: The end coils are often squared (closed) and ground flat to provide a stable, flat bearing surface and ensure the force is applied axially. Other end types include open ends (ground or not ground), depending on the specific application requirements.
Materials
The material choice is crucial and depends on the environmental conditions, load requirements, and desired fatigue life. Common materials include:
High Carbon Steel (e.g., Music Wire ASTM A228): A general-purpose choice with high strength and good fatigue life, though it requires protective coatings in corrosive environments.
Stainless Steel (e.g., Type 302, 316, 17-7PH): Offers excellent corrosion resistance and performs well in various temperatures, making it suitable for medical, marine, or food processing industries.
Alloy Steels (e.g., Chrome Silicon, Chrome Vanadium): These materials provide superior strength, toughness, and fatigue resistance, making them ideal for heavy-duty applications and high-stress environments like automotive suspensions.
Non-Ferrous Alloys (e.g., Phosphor Bronze, Beryllium Copper): Used for specialized applications requiring non-magnetic properties, enhanced electrical conductivity, or specific corrosion resistance.
Common Applications
Cylindrical compression springs are highly versatile and found in millions of products across various industries.
Automotive Industry: Key components in suspension systems (shock absorbers), brakes, clutches, and engine valve systems.
Electronics: Used in switches, push buttons, keyboards, and battery compartments to ensure proper contact force.
Industrial Machinery: Found in presses, valves, pumps, and automation equipment to bear loads, balance tension, or act as shock absorbers.
Consumer Goods: Common in everyday items like ballpoint pens, mattresses, and door locks.
Medical Technology: Employed in devices such as inhalers, syringes, pumps, and surgical tools for precise motion control and holding functions.